Unifies the discrepancies between the micro-level effects of climate on workers and crops and the lack of a macroeconomic effect on large economies by accounting for non-linearity at the macro scale.

Review of the current literature on climate and conflict and research priorities for the future.

The difference in the heat-mortality relationship between hot and cold states declined over 1900-2004, though it persisted through 2004. The impact of extreme heat on mortality is notably smaller in states that more frequently experience extreme heat. Continuing differences in the mortality consequences of hot days suggests that health motivated adaptation to climate change may be slow and costly around the world.

The social cost of carbon (SCC) is a crucial tool for economic analysis of climate policies. The SCC estimates the dollar value of reduced climate change damages associated with a one-metric-ton reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Although the conceptual basis, challenges, and merits of the SCC are well established, its use in government cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is relatively new. In light of challenges in constructing the SCC, its newness in government regulation, and the importance of updating, we propose an institutional process for regular SCC review and revision when used in government policy-making and suggest how scientists might contribute to improved SCC estimates.